Some other physicochemical characteristics of cow milk:

• pH of normal milk is about 6.6 - 6.9 (milk of carnivores is about 6.2; human milk is about 7.0; cow colostrum as low as 6.0; milk from cows with mastitis as high as 7.5)
• osmolality is about 0.3 M (osmotic pressure ~ 700 kPa)
• ionic strength is about 0.08 molar
• water activity is about 0.993